STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

forest,  fisb  ant>  <5ame  Commission 


JAMES  S.  WHIPPLE 

Commissioner 


WILLIAM  F.  FOX 

Superintendent  of  Forests 


INSTRUCTIONS  FOR 


REFORESTING  LAND 


By  C  R*  PETTIS 

Forester 


ALBANY 

J.  B.  LYON  COMPANY,  STATE  PRINTERS 
1909 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

Iforest,  Jfieb  ant)  <5ame  Commieeion 


JAMES  S.  WHIPPLE 

Commissioner 


WILLIAM  F.  FOX 

Superintendent  of  Forests 


INSTRUCTIONS  FOR 


REFORESTING   LAND 


By  C  R  PETTIS 

Forester 


ALBANY 

J.  B.  LYON  COMPANY,  STATE  PRINTERS 
1909 


INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  REFORESTING  LAND. 


Introductory. 

The  requests  for  some  information  as  to  the  best  methods  of 
reforesting  land  have  become  so  numerous  that  it  seems  advisable 
to  issue  a  pamphlet  containing  directions  regarding  the  work. 

So  many  of  our  people  are  now  ready  to  undertake  tree  planting 
operations  that  some  definite,  detailed  instructions  for  their  use 
should  be  supplied.  Hence  we  have  combined  here  in  one  publica- 
tion directions  showing  how  to  secure  planting  stock,  what  to  plant, 
where  to  plant,  when  to  plant,  how  to  plant,  and  some  information 
as  to  the  results  that  may  be  expected. 

How  to  Secure  Stock. 

The  Forestry  Department  of  the  State  of  New  York  maintains 
several  large  nurseries  for  the  propagation  of  forest  tree  seedlings 
and  transplants  —  pine,  spruce  and  other  species — for  reforesting 
the  public  lands  and  for  distribution  at  a  nominal  price  among 
land  owners  in  this  State  who  may  wish  to  undertake  reforesting 
operations  on  their  own  account.  The  price  of  these  seedlings  and 
transplants  is  small,  being  placed  at  the  bare  cost,  but  varies  with 
the  age  of  the  plant  and  species. 

Any  land  owner  who  desires  trees  for  planting  land  in  order  to 
raise  a  forest  can  secure  them  while  there  is  a  supply  on  hand  by 
making  application  to  this  Commission. 


398118 


4 
The  application  blank  for  1909  was  as  follows: 

Jforest,  jfisb  anfc  (Bame  Commission 

Albany,  N.  Y. 

Gentlemen. —  The  undersigned  hereby  applies  for  the  following 

number  and  kinds  of  trees  for  planting  in  the  town  of 

County  of State  of  New  York: 

White  pine  transplants  at  $4.25  per  1,000,  f.  o.  b.,  Saranac 

Inn,  N.  Y. 
White  pine  seedlings  at  $2.25  per  1,000,  f.  o.  b.,  Saranac 

Inn,  N.  Y. 
Scotch  pine  transplants  at  $3  .  75  per  i  ,000,  f.  o.  b.,  Saranac 

Inn,  N.  Y. 
Scotch  pine  seedlings  at  $2.25  per  i.ooo,  f.  o.  b.,  Saranac 

Inn,  N.  Y. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  LAND  TO  BE  PLANTED. 

Topography 

A          O  -IT          J       "' 

Original  growth 

o  o 

Present  growth 

Previous  use  of  land 

Kind  of  soil 

In  consideration  of  granting  this  application  for  trees  at  the 
price  stated,  the  undersigned    hereby  agrees: 

1.  To  pay  the  purchase  price  of  the  trees  to  said  Forest,  Fish 
and  Game  Commission  within  ten  days  after  the  granting  of  this 
application. 

2.  That  the  trees  hereby  applied  for  shall  be  used  by  the  under- 
signed for  the  sole  purpose  of  reforesting  lands  within  the  State  of 
New  York. 

3.  That  the  trees  shall  not  be  sold,  offered  for  sale,  or  given  away 
by  the  said  applicant,  or  his  agents,  to  any  person. 


5 

4.  That  the  trees  shall  be  planted  in  accordance  with  instruc- 
tions furnished  by  the  Forest,  Fish  and  Game  Commission. 

5.  That  the  applicant  shall  furnish  the  Forest,  Fish  and  Game 
Commission  from  time  to  time,  when  asked  for,  reports  in  regard 
to  the  condition  of  such  plantings. 

Signed 

P.  O 

...190 Express  office 

It  will  be  noted  that  this  application  is  a  contract  made  with 
this  Commission.  The  first  clause  calls  for  payment  within  ten  days 
after  the  trees  are  granted.  This  gives  us  the  opportunity  to  resell 
any  trees  that  the  applicants  do  not  pay  for  within  that  time.  The 
second  clause  is  necessary  because  the  law  under  which  this  work 
is  done  requires  that  the  trees  shall  be  used  for  reforesting  purposes. 
No  trees  will  be  sold  for  ornamental  planting.  The  third  clause 
prevents  speculation  and  the  interference  with  our  work.  The 
fourth  clause  simply  means  that  applicants  should  follow  the 
directions  given  in  this  pamphlet  in  regard  to  planting.  The  fifth 
clause  asks  that  reports  stating  the  condition  of  the  plantation  be 
made  to  this  office,  such  information  being  desirable  in  order  to 
secure  data  in  regard  to  the  work  for  the  benefit  of  others. 

What  and  Where  to  Plant. 

The  soil  where  the  planting  is  to  be  done  will,  in  a  measure, 
determine  what  kind  of  trees  should  be  used.  The  growth  already 

• 

on  the  land  where  the  planting  is  to  be  done  indicates  the  age  or 
size  of  the  stock  to  be  used. 

Relation  of  Species  and  Soils. —  No  complete  directions  covering 
such  a  large  subject  can  be  given  in  any  small  pamphlet,  and  in 
some  cases  examination  of  the  land  would  be  desirable  before 
giving  advice.  There  are,  however,  a  few  points  that  can  be  dis- 
cussed generally  here. 


White  Pine. —  This  species  is  usually  found  on  sandy  or  light 
soils,  but  it  will  do  well  on  any  land  that  is  well  drained.  It  will 
thrive  in  good  soil  as  well  as  any  other  tree  when  once  established. 
The  better  the  soil,  the  stronger  its  growth  will  be. 

Scotch  Pine. —  On  the  poorest,  sterile  soils  the  Scotch  and  red 
pine  makes  a  faster  growth  than  white  pine,  but  the  timber  in  these 
species  is  not  as  valuable.  These  trees  are  particularly  adapted  to 
such  sites  because  they  have  a  long  root  which  goes  deep  in  the 
ground.  The  white  pine  is  preferable,  but  on  the  poorest  soils  the 
Scotch  pine  will  make  a  more  rapid  growth. 

Spruce. —  Our  native  spruce  is  a  slow-growing  tree  and  difficult 
to  propagate.  It  develops  so  slowly  that  its  use  is  not  recommended. 
The  Norway  spruce,  which  is  used  extensively  abroad,  is  a  much 
faster  grower  and  is  equally  desirable  in  all  respects.  It  should  be 
used  wherever  spruce  is  to  be  planted.  The  spruces  all  require  soil 
of  moderate  quality,  and  should  not  be  planted  on  sandy  lands. 
They  will  withstand  a  large  amount  of  shade,  and  their  use  is 
preferable  for  underplanting  in  an  existing  forest.  It  is  also  better 
adapted  than  most  of  our  conifers  for  planting  in  swamps  or  wet 
locations. 

Hardwoods. —  At  present  we  are  not  growing  hardwoods  in  our 
nurseries;  but  in  the  .Spring  of  1909  we  will  sow  a  quantity  of 
black  locust  and  yellow  poplar  seed  for  distribution  in  1910. 

Whenever  it  is  desired  to  raise  oak  or  chestnut  the  acorn  or  nut 
should  be  planted  directly  in  the  field  where  the  future  tree  is 
desired. 

Size  oj  Coniferous  Plants  Used. —  The  smaller  the  tree  that  can  be 
planted  and  succeed,  the  cheaper  the  work  can  be  done  and  the 
greater  profit  finally  secured.  There  is  less  shock  in  moving  small 
plants  than  large  ones,  which  makes  the  risk  and  expense  in  plant- 
ing smaller  trees  less.  The  size  of  tree  required  in  order  to  succeed 
will  be  determined  by  the  amount  and  nature  of  the  vegetation 
where  the  planting  is  to  be  done,  i.  e.,  the  amount  of  competition 
it  will  encounter  in  order  to  grow.  Seedlings,  two  years  old,  are 


large  enough  for  planting  on  pasture  or  other  lands  where  there  is 
little  or  no  shade.  If,  however,  there  is  a  heavy  growth  of  weeds, 
or  other  plants  making  a  dense  shade,  transplants  should  be  used* 
Otherwise,  there  will  be  too  many  failures. 

When  to  Plant. 

Planting  is  best  done  in  the  spring,  as  early  as  possible,  so  that 
the  trees  may  secure  the  benefit  of  the  spring  rains  and  become 
well  rooted  before  the  season's  growth  takes  place.  We  will  ship 
trees  in  the  spring  as  early  as  possible,  and  they  ought  to  be  planted 
at  once. 

How  to  Plant. 

When  the  trees  arrive  they  should  be  taken  to  the  planting  field 
immediately  and  unpacked.  The  roots  should  be  dipped  in  water 
and  the  plants  "  heeled  in  ";  i.  e.,  placed  upright  in  a  ditch,  and 
the  dirt  packed  tight  around  the  roots.  (See  illustration.)  They 
can  be  kept  in  this  manner  while  the  planting  is  in  progress. 

The  number  of  men  required  and  the  organization  of  the  force 
will  depend  entirely  upon  the  amount  of  planting  to  be  done.  In 
these  directions  we  will  assume  that  only  a  small  number  of  trees 
are  to  be  set  out — i.  e.,  not  over  10,000  plants.  For  larger  opera- 
tions the  force  must  be  increased. 

The  working  unit  is  two  men,  one  of  them  equipped  with  a  grub 
hoe,  and  the  other  with  a  pail  for  carrying  the  little  plants.  Two- 
men  working  thus  as  a  pair — one  making  the  hole  and  the  other 
planting  the  tree — will,  after  a  little  experience,  set  out  about 
1,000  transplants  or  1,200  seedlings  per  day.  If  only  a  few  thou- 
sand trees  are  to  be  planted  two  men  can  do  the  work  within  the 
required  time;  but  if  many  thousand,  several  pairs  of  men  will  be 
necessary. 

The  planting  site  having  been  selected,  the  men  with  the  grub 
hoes  will  begin  making  the  holes  in  a  straight  line  across  the  field. 
It  is  well  to  set  up  a  stake,  or  two,  in  order  that  the  man  digging 


holes  can  move  forward  in  a  straight  line.  These  stakes  or  poles 
can  be  moved  over  and  used  again  when  making  the  next  row  of 
holes.  The  planter  follows  immediately  behind  the  grub-hoe  man 
setting  a  tree  in  each  hole  before  the  exposed  soil  becomes  dry. 
The  planter's  pail  should  always  have  enough  muddy  water  in  the 
bottom  to  keep  the  tree  roots  wet. 

In  making  a  hole,  it  is  well  to  cut  off  and  remove  a  thin  slice  of 
sod,  as  this  gives  the  plant  a  better  opportunity  to  grow.  The 
hole  should  be  large  enough  to  give  room  for  the  roots  without 
crowding;  but  on  a  light  soil  the  least  dirt  that  is  moved  in  order 
to  set  the  plants  properly  the  better  it  will  be.  The  plant  should 
usually  be  placed  in  the  ground  at  the  same  depth  that  it  was 
before;  but  on  light,  sandy  soil  it  may  be  set  slightly  deeper.  The 
earth  should  be  packed  about  the  roots  thoroughly,  so  that  the 
plant  will  be  able  to  get  all  the  moisture  possible  from  the  sur- 
rounding earth.  Care  should  be  taken  also  to  place  the  roots  in 
their  natural  position. 

Special  pains  should  be  taken  to  prevent  any  exposure  of  the 
roots  to  the  sun.  Once  the  roots  become  dry  the  plants  are  very 
likely  to  die.  The  trees  "  heeled  in  "  should  be  kept  moist  at 
roots. 

The  men  continue  planting  back  and  forth  across  the  field  until 
the  work  is  completed.  The  trees  planted  in  these  rows  should 
be  set  at  regular  distances  apart  and  the  rows  also  at  even  dis- 
tances in  order  to  properly  utilize  the  soil  and  light  and  to  secure 
in  time  the  greatest  product.  The  spacing  varies  under  different 
conditions,  but  for  general  forest  planting  six  feet  apart  both 
ways  is  most  desirable.  When  the  trees  are  planted  six  feet  apart 
in  the  row,  and  the  rows  are  made  six  feet  distant,  it  will  require 
1,200  trees  to  plant  an  acre.  It  will  be  readily  seen  that  the 
interval  used  determines  the  number  of  trees  required  per  acre,  the 
amount  of  labor  necessary  to  plant  them  and  the  cost  per  acre  of 
the  work. 


It  is  absolutely  necessary  that  a  much  larger  number  of  trees  be 
planted  on  an  acre  than  would  be  found  in  a  mature  forest.  A 
close,  dense  stand  of  trees  is  necessary  while  they  are  young  in 
order  to  produce  a  proper  development  in  the  future  growth.  The 
close  planting  produces  a  crowded  and  shaded  condition  which 
kills  off  the  side  branches  when  the  trees  are  small,  reduces  the 
number  and  size  of  the  knots  and  finally  makes  a  higher  grade  of 
lumber.  The  dense  stand  also  causes  the  trees  to  grow  much 
taller,  and  hence  there  will  be  more  logs  in  a  tree.  The  value  of 
this  close  planting  is  easily  seen  when  we  compare  the  difference 
in  trees  which  have  naturally  grown  in  a  forest  with  those  in  the 
open. 

There  are,  however,  other  considerations  than  growing  the 
highest  possible  grade  of  wood  material.  We  all  realize  that  some 
soils  will  produce  much  larger  quantities  of  farm  crops  than  others. 
The  land  that  is  most  likely  to  be  used  for  tree  planting  will  be 
the  poorer,  meager  soils  of  a  small  productive  capacity.  Hence, 
in  order  to  make  the  growing  of  wood  crops  profitable,  considera- 
tion must  be  given  to  the  quality  and  productive  capacity  of  the 
soil  where  the  planting  is  to  be  done.  If  twelve  hundred  trees 
per  acre  are  planted,  we  would  naturally  expect  to  grow  a  tree 
having  a  diameter  of  twelve  inches  in  less  time  than  we  would  if 
there  were  seventeen  hundred  trees  per  acre.  Therefore,  in  order 
to  make  planting  profitable,  we  must  not  only  grow  good  timber 
in  dense  stand,  but  at  the  same  time  aim  at  a  profitable  harvest 
in  the  shortest  possible  period. 

Protection  of  Plantations. 

After  the  plantation  is  made  it  should  be  protected  from  fire. 
Any  light  fire,  even  if  it  burns  over  only  the  dry  grass  among  the 
little  trees  will  kill  or  injure  them,  because  their  bark  is  very  thin. 
The  plantation  should  be  protected  also  from  cattle,  sheep  or  other 
animals.  Grazing  should  not  be  permitted. 


10 


Value  of  Planting. 

In  the  destruction  of  forests  by  axe  and  fire  which  has  been 
taking  place  in  this  country  ever  since  settlement  began,  vast  areas 
not  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes  have  been  cleared,  placed  in 
farms,  tilled  for  a  time,  the  soil  exhausted  and  then  abandoned. 
These  areas  are  of  varying  size,  but  in  the  aggregate  are  extensive. 
In  some  places  they  include  a  few  acres  of  an  occupied  farm;  at 
others  they  embrace  entire  abandoned  farms.  This  land  is  lying 
idle,  is  not  producing  any  revenue  for  its  owner;  in  fact,  is  held 
at  a  loss  because  taxes  must  be  paid,  and  the  interest  on  the  capi- 
.tal  invested  is  lost.  A  large  area  of  such  idle  land  in  any  state  is 
just  as  serious  an  economic  proposition  as  idle  labor,  because  both 
are  non-productive. 

Such  land  should  be  planted  with  small  trees  in  order  to  grow 
forest  crops  and  reap  a  future  profit.  The  resulting  forests  will 
also  make  the  country  more  beautiful,  more  habitable,  more  healthful 
and  more  enjoyable.  These  forests  will  protect  the  hillsides  from 
erosion,  prevent  the  floods  which  carry  down  debris  and  devastate 
the  low  lands,  and  will  make  the  water  in  the  streams  more  equable 
in  its  flow.  These  streams  rendered  cooler  by  the  shade  will  sup- 
port more  fish,  and  the  forest  cover  will  also  afford  a  shelter  for 
birds  and  game.  We  can  secure  all  these  benefits,  and  at  the  same 
time  realize  a  large  profit  from  these  idle  lands  if  they  are  placed 
under  wood  crops. 

Natural-grown  forests  are  not  the  most  valuable,  because  nature 
does  not  utilize  the  light  and  moisture  to  the  best  advantage;  but 
by  properly  spacing  the  trees,  as  done  in  an  artificial  forest,  more 
and  better  trees  can  be  grown  in  a  shorter  period. 

We  have  not  many  planted  forests  in  this  country  old  enough 
to  give  complete  information  of  what  can  be  expected  from  them. 
Therefore,  we  have  to  use  natural  growth  in  determining  the  yields 
from  prospective  wood  crops.  The  quantity  produced  will,  on  the 
average,  be  less  than  what  would  be  obtained  from  planted  forests; 
therefore,  these  figures  are  conservative. 


II 

We  have  not  yet  had  time  to  secure  data  in  regard  to  the  growth 
of  white  pine  in  this  State,  but  careful  examinations  and  measure- 
ments have  been  made  in  New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts 
which  are  just  as  reliable  as  a  basis  for  computing  future  growths 
in  New  York  as  in  those  states. 

The  following  yield  table  for  white  pine  was  constructed  after 
examining  and  measuring  177  sample  plats1  in  Massachusetts  of 
various  ages  in  all  parts  of  that  state: 


S 


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White  Pine  Seedlings,  2  Years  Old,  Before  Transplanting — %  Natural  Size. 
New  York  State  Nurseries. 


While  Pine,  4  Years  Old,  Once  Transplanted — %  Natural  Size. 
New  York  State  Nurseries. 


Scotch  Pine,  4  Years  Old,  Once  Transplanted  —  34  Natural  Size. 
New  York  State  Nurseries. 


Norway  Spruce,  4  Years  Old,  Once  Transplanted  —  3^  Natural  Size. 
New  York  State  Nurseries. 


I 


Making  the  Hole 


Photo  C.  R.  Pettis 


Photo  C.  R.  Pettis 


Planting  a  Seedling  Tree. 


<D 

I 


This  table  indicates  at  a  glance  that  much  more  timber  can  be 
grown  in  the  same  period  of  time  on  good  soil  than  on  poor 
soil.  The  highest  production  was  found  on  the  rich  lowlands, 
where  the  soil  was  deep,  rich  and  moist,  but  withal  well  drained. 
The  upland  pasture,  our  hillsides  and  upland  plateaus,  which  form 
the  largest  part  of  land  where  wood  crops  will  be  planted,  is  indi- 
cated by  soil  quality  two.  The  rate  of  growth  here  is  not  far  below 
that  of  soil  quality  one,  because  the  pine  finds  its  demands  as  re- 
gards moisture,  food  supply,  etc.,  well  supplied.  The  third  quality 
of  soil  consists  of  the  wet,  cold,  mucky  swamps,  or  the  most  sterile 
drifting  sands.  For  the  purpose  of  this  publication  soil  of  the 
second  quality  will  be  considered,  because  this  is  the  kind  of  soil 
that  will  most  largely  be  used  for  growing  forest,  raising  crops  of 
timber  and  wood  materials. 

The  table  shows  in  a  most  striking  manner  how  the  quantity 
of  timber  increases  with  the  age  of  the  forest.  It,  therefore,  shows 
what  a  short-sighted  policy  and  poor  financial  plan  it  is  to  cut 
growing  forests.  It  will  be  seen  that  a  forest  thirty  years  old  contains 
nearly  twice  as  much  lumber  as  one  twenty-five  years  of  age,  or 
a  thirty-five-year-old  crop  three  and  one-half  times  as  great  as 
when  harvested  at  twenty-five  years;  also,  that  while  it  takes 
twenty-five  years  to  grow  the  first  6,750  feet  of  lumber  nearly 
40,000  feet  more  can  be  grown  in  a  second  twenty-five  years — i.  e., 
allowing  the  crop  to  grow  fifty  years. 

The  land  owner  is  also  interested  in  knowing  what  he  may  ex- 
pect in  the  way  of  financial  returns  as  well  as  quantity  production. 
For  this  purpose  the  following  interesting  tables,  which  were  pre- 
pared by  the  State  Forest  Service  of  Massachusetts,  are  herewith 
published  with  the  permission  of  Frank  Wm.  Rane,  State  Forester 
of  Massachusetts : 


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21 

• 

There  is  profit  not  only  in  growing  white  pine,  but  also  Norway 
spruce  and  many  other  kinds  of  wood.  With  permission  of  Mr. 
George  Aiken,  manager  of  the  Billings  farm  at  Woodstock,  Ver- 
mont, we  submit  the  following  data  in  regard  to  profits  derived 
from  growing  Norway  spruce  on  that  farm.  One  acre  was  planted 
with  three-year-old  Norway  spruce,  eight  feet  apart  each  way, 
requiring  289  trees  to  the  acre.  The  land  was  poor,  sandy  hill- 
side, unfit  for  cultivation.  In  1908,  when  the  plantation  was 
thirty-two  years  old,  or  thirty-five  years  from  seed,  four  average 
sized  trees  were  cut.  Their  measurements  were  as  follows: 

No.   i    72  ft.  high,  ii  inch  butt  cut,  46^  ft.  of  logs  6"  at  top  end 
"      2   57     "       "      15      "          «        «       4?£  ««««««« 

3     63       *  ;        14        '  «42««««««« 

"4   67     "       •      16      "  "        «       40      "«««««« 

Four  trees  produced  one  cord  of  pulp  wood;  or  the  acre,  if  cut, 
would  have  yielded  172^  cords,  which  at  the  prices  paid  there  at 
the  present  time,  $6.50  per  cord,  would  give  the  income  from  this 
acre  $1,120.00  in  thirty-two  years. 

Placing  the  value  of  the  land  at  $5.00  per  acre,  cost  of  trees  and 
planting  at  $5.00  additional,  making  a  first  cost  of  $10.00  per  acre 
computed  at  compound  interest  would  amount  to  $65.50.  To  this 
should  be  added  the  taxes  for  the  thirty- two  years  $7.50,  making 
a  total  investment  of  $73.00,  leaves  a  net  income  of  $1,046.86,  or 
a  yearly  average  of  $36.72  per  acre,  from  poor,  wornout  side  hill 
pasture  land  worth  about  fifty  cents  per  annum  for  grazing.  The 
pulpwood  cut  here  was  sold  to  the  International  Paper  Company, 
who  made  it  into  paper  at  the  Bellows  Falls  Mill..  Mr.  Edward 
Barrett,  superintendent  of  this  mill,  reports  as  follows:  "  The 
Norway  spruce  test:  One  cord  of  rough  wood,  71  sticks  4  feet  long, 
after  preparing  for  grinder  room,  gave  us  98  cubic  feet.  This  made 
1,828  pounds  of  dry  woodpulp.  The  spruce  worked  nicely  on  the 
paper  machine,  arid  under  the  same  conditions  as  our  regular 
spruce,  gave  us  a  higher  test  for  strength  and  a  brighter  shade, 
with  the  same  amount  of  color." 


22 

With  all  these  facts  we  hope  our  farmers  and  woodland  owners 
will  be  impressed  with  the  profit  they  can  derive  from  planting 
their  idle  land. 

This  Commission  is  just  as  much  interested  in  the  forests  or 
wood  lots  of  any  private  owner  as  it  is  in  the  great  forests  of  the 
Adirondacks  or  Catskills,  which  are  under  our  jurisdiction,  and  we 
will  at  all  times  be  glad  to  render  any  land  owner  assistance  so  far 
as  circumstances  will  permit. 


THIS  BOOK 


THIS  BOOK  ^^pED  B&OW     t  to  a  toe  of 

.      $1.00  per     "    renewed.  **  __=======: 

^omand  I5aay»  !„„«  nerioQ-.          —-===:=====:==: 


lOrn-4,'23 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


